Data on the location of licensed foreshore structures was obtained as spatial data from the Land and Property Management Authority (LPMA); NSW Maritime (December 2007) for Sydney Harbour, Newcastle Harbour, Botany Bay and Port Kembla; and the NSW Comprehensive Coastal Assessment (CCA, July 2004). Using assumptions on the length of foreshore occupied by each type of structure, the length and proportion of the total estuary perimeter occupied by structures was estimated.